WzP(c.e^{a&4gXQPE.yE& LxEE^97gN=j4_r:H2I8qvx%O^^txalpwB$Y273>OZjY\%&qgy(V4V2ZO+:=ch3|oy hnwkH8+@. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(3), 213-233.doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.03.005, Treiman, R.,Sotak, L., & Bowman, M. (2001). I recently tested more than 150 kindergarteners who knew about 90 percent of their letter/sounds but could not decode simple words. %PDF-1.7 % It was developed for the Tennessee Department of Education Foundational Skills Curriculum Supplement. It is the ability to read connected text automatically (with little conscious effort), accurately, and with proper expression using volume, phrasing, smoothness, and pace to convey the meaning. A Critical Evaluation of the Trend Toward Advanced Phonemic Awareness Training, Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read, Structured Literacy and Typical Literacy Practices: Understanding Differences to Create Instructional Opportunities, Developing Early Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel, Cracking the Code: How and Why Big Horn Elementary School Went All-In with Structured Literacy, Print-to-Speech and Speech-to-Print: Mapping Early Literacy, 100 Childrens Authors and Illustrators Everyone Should Know, A New Model for Teaching High-Frequency Words, 7 Great Ways to Encourage Your Child's Writing, Screening, Diagnosing, and Progress Monitoring for Fluency: The Details. Copyright 2023 WETA Public Broadcasting, Visit WETA's other education websites: Start with a Book|Colorn Colorado|AdLit|LD OnLine, Author Interviews We should even encourage our children to play with the sounds within words as well. (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten, Week 10), Substitute the rime unit in one-syllable word. to teach reading simply and effectively. Because students are only required to recognize the printed form of a word spoken by the teacher, Speech to Print Phonics is about as easy an approach to phonics instruction as you can find. They reinforce all past learning. Teachers must use simple diagnostic assessments that inform cumulative review and instruction and often must use small group instruction. These skills are complementary and need to be consistently taught, in response to development, through grade 5. The mixing bowl motion reminds the students any skill might be in the mix. This 90-page guide provides activities, discussion questions, and how-to steps for facilitators leading professional learning communities as they learn and apply the information in the Foundational Skills to Support Reading for Understanding for Kindergarten Through 3rd Grade practice guide. In accordance with our commitment to deliver reading programs based on research-based instructional strategies, Read Naturally's programs develop and support the five (5) components of reading identified by the National Reading Panel phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Effective reading instruction requires teaching of two types of competencies: foundational reading skills and knowledge-based competencies. Learn more about vocabulary, Comprehension is the complex cognitive process readers use to understand what they have read. Phonological and phonemic awareness refer to spoken language the understanding that the sounds of spoken language work together to make words. Foundational skills include phonics, syllabic analysis, fluency, morphemic analysis, which is the study of prefixes, suffixes, and roots and word study, which includes phonics and syllabic and morphemic analysis. Instructional materials must be aligned to the standards. skills to fluent word recognition to skilled reading.3 What are the foundational skills of reading? To learn more about phonological and phonemic awareness, browse the articles, parent tips, research briefs, and video below and visit Topics A-Z: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness for our complete library of resources. Canadian Journal of School Psychology,27 (2), 150-165.doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573512438635Share, D. L. (2004). The U.S. Department of Education provides Reading First grants to states, which, in turn, award subgrants to eligible school districts that submit approved proposals for how they will apply scientifically based reading research to improve reading instruction and . (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten, Week 9), Substitute first sound in a one-syllable word. There are 26 letters in the alphabet, but 44 phonemes (basic sounds) in the English language. Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds. Phonics instruction teaches students how to use these relationships to read and spell words. critical role skills-based competencies have in reading ability . To complete foundational skills instruction, we need systematic instruction in morphology through the 5th grade and beyond. Phonological awareness is a critical early literacy skill that helps kids recognize and work with the sounds of spoken language.. Phonological awareness is made up of a group of skills. Early literacy skills have a clear and consistently strong relationship with later conventional literacy skills, such as decoding, oral reading, fluency, reading comprehension, writing, and spelling. The Development of Phonological Skills. While many scholars and stakeholders utilize varied categories and terminology, widespread agreement can be found for the fact that each of these components is necessary for early reading: Print Concepts and Letter Sound Recognition: The features . (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten, Week 19; Grade 1, Week 3), Substitute first sound in the second syllable. Word Building is incorporated into Building Foundational Literacy, a five-level intensive intervention program. Word Building is an approach to developing phonics and syllabication skills that builds in step-by-step fashion on what students know. It is the ability to read connected text automatically (with little conscious effort), accurately, and with proper expression using volume, phrasing, smoothness, and pace to convey the meaning.. The most sophisticated and last to develop is called phonemic awareness. Millions of students are looking to their schools to provide them with the essential knowledge they need to succeed in college and careerit is imperative that we get these skills right. 1 0 obj << /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Resources << /Font << /TT0 99 0 R /TT1 110 0 R /TT2 105 0 R /TT3 101 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /CS0 96 0 R /CS1 98 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS0 108 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Parent 667 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 1 /Type /Page /Contents 2 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Length 2032 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream A highly effective approach for teaching phonics, based on my experience, is Word Building. Automaticity refers to the ability to recognize . %PDF-1.6 % 8407 0 obj <>stream They are then shown how to use this knowledge to decode unfamiliar words independently. %%EOF For example, we can play with rhyming - cat, hat, sat. What other words can rhyme with cat? classroom teachers, homeschoolers, nonprofits, etc. Tips on finding great books, reading nonfiction and more, Why Some Kids Struggle Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. Fostering alphabet knowledge development: A comparison of two instructional approaches. Learn more about phonics, Fluent readers are able to read orally with appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression. %PDF-1.5 % Foundational Reading Skills: Developing "Independence with the Code" Foundational skills (or foundational reading skills) are specifically called out as a teaching and learning theme in the ELA/ELD Framework because acquisition of foundational reading skills is essential for inde-pendence with printed language. Table 1 outlines the relative difficulty of phonological awareness tasks. Fluency. Can you imagine going to a job where you learn all about the different types of buttons, threads, fabrics, and zippers but no one tells you that you are manufacturing jeans? For Technical Support, please call us or submit a software support request. On a more advanced level, Word Building helps students learn multisyllabic words by building on their knowledge of at to read multisyllabic words such as batter, matter, and chatter. HWnH}Gx)-31D8meit7/Lzv b*N:uz~u|O|$h3Zk)2bv-6lg~Hc{{JCJ[hSudZsn3{vp-Jhs cm7O&{wJJVm] ET. Students do daily, quick word "games" where they practice "cutting off" sounds within a word and changing sounds. 3, thats right, /m/, /o/, and /p/ when counting sounds. Students should be actively engaged in instruction that includes learning words before reading, repetition and multiple exposures, learning in rich contexts, incidental learning, and use of computer technology. It helps teachers build their . Spelling instruction is needed to develop students spelling skills. Yet thats often how reading instruction can feel for children. 2. Reading Rockets is a national multimedia project that offers a wealth of research-based reading strategies, lessons, and activities designed to help young children learn how to read and read better. Children who cannot hear and work with the phonemes of spoken words will have a difficult time learning how to relate these phonemes to letters when they see them in written words. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions Fluency is the ability to read as well as we speak and to make sense of the text without having to stop and decode each word. Foundational reading skills are finite and can be fully mastered. Systematic instruction is effective. If students have difficulty with Word Building, try Speech-to-Print Phonics. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(3), 323-341.doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.05.008, Kilpatrick, D. (2012). Students need to learn all the foundational skills. This concept is important, as it provides the basis for sequencing teaching tasks from easy to more difficult. Unfortunately the books and CDs included with the course were usually too expensive for aspiring engineers to purchase and were often available only in colleges, universities, or school libraries. We are putting the cart before the horse if we drill letter/sounds without also teaching print concepts and the alphabetic principle. Similarly, instruction in print concepts primes students to learn phonics. Phonological Awareness: What is This and Why Does This Matter? Among others, these aspects include the alphabetic code, fluency, comprehension, and motivation. sounds, and words work. a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word; e.g., there are two syllables in water and three in inferno. A common misconception is that foundational skills only means phonics. The truth is that the four areas are an integrated gestalt, greater than the sum of their parts. Combining a pattern approach with a sound-by-sound approach, Word Building presents the most basic pronounceable element in the pattern being taught and leads students to build words by adding to that core element. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Read Live uses the Science of Reading to deliver measurable results for struggling and developing readers of all ages. Addressed in 1st through 5th grade, fluency enhancesand is affected bymeaning making. Search over ten thousand teaching jobs nationwide elementary, middle, high school and more. Districts are checking the foundational skills box but are using practices of questionable quality and not addressing all of the foundational skills. Heres the good news: Most educators have gotten the message that K-5 students need to learn the foundational reading skills outlined in the common core and other college and career-ready standards: print concepts, phonological awareness, phonics and word recognition, and fluency. 2. Insteadof the letter and sound matching, weneed to spend timedevelopingphonemic awareness. Website by Code Dragon Design & Development, LLC. "The ending sound of sit is /t/."). This summary highlights the recommendations and supporting evidence described in the full practice guide. As children become older, we read to themand share experiences beyond their home, their neighborhood,and their family. This content is provided by our sponsor. The last foundational skill, fluency, closes the deal. In a 2014 study, one researcher found that entering kindergarteners ranged from knowing zero letter names to knowing all of them. The reasons why some kids struggle with reading, Target the Problem! Ellefson, M. R.,Treiman, R., & Kessler, B. (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten, Week 14), Mix it Up weeks reinforce all past learning. Phonological Awareness. What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is It Under Attack? They must understand that words are made up of individual speech sounds, or phonemes. The roles of letter names and letter sounds in connecting print and speech. Early Reading Training - Course I Subject (s): ELA Release date: 04-07-2021 Description You can begin this course by selecting the Reading 360 Introduction below or by clicking the green start button: Early Reading Training Course Overview Resources Early Reading Training - Course I: Introduction Early Reading Training - Course I: Module 1 Create your own booklists from our library of 5,000 books! Memory & Cognition, 29(6), 860-873.doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.3758/BF03196415. Course Objectives. Empowering English learners to achieve success is a shared responsibility for every district and school. Students rely on this code as a way to support reading until they are fluent. The key is to provide as much instruction and practice as is needed. Knowing letter names and learning letter sounds: A causal connection. A student unable to pronounce the printed word chat might use the pronounceable word part at to reconstruct the word, saying at, ch, chat. Here is sample lesson in which the it pattern is presented. Sounds First is used byclassroom teachers, homeschoolers, nonprofits, etc. Phonics and Word Recognition. Finally, you can also focus on sounds at the beginning of words such as: how many words start with the sound /p/- pen, pop, park. They dont make any sense and sometimes it is uncomfortable reading words that dont make sense. Turning fall to all or ball, for example, helps students hear and isolate the individual sounds within a word, and when our youngest readers then go to read a word in a book, they are better able to break apart the individual sounds in that word. National Reading Panel. hb``` cc`a%aMShWT91OY}?P][6*x|MSEg_h3k:(|Jkt,l%_9i. *NEA4)q!EBmr*hvbCFGPzEGGS9j $ 00b0Aet #T#j``q?H+B Learn more about phonemic awareness, Phonics is the relationship between the letters (or letter combinations) in written language and the individual sounds in spoken language. Decisionmakers must fully understand what the foundational skills are and apply the robust research that informs best practices. We know from research that an effective reading program must address several aspects of reading. Search thousands of jobs, from paraprofessionals to counselors and more. ET. Create your own lists of fiction and nonfiction childrens books. hT}L[U?_UFh n5n`&n# []tv#e2Y:@U72iupCRm@M0oo{=;w/ P9 I?`O| a75-txV);Mh*"(kV!x_F. We also read seemingly sillybooks to our children that dont always make sense likeChickaChickaBoomBoomandTheres aWocketin My Pocket! &dNA@$I\Q R&`]u@,H1c`bd`k U "? ^ endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 1834 0 obj <>stream Tips from experts on how to help your children with reading and writing at home. Vowel and consonant perception is the third goal in the systematic application of the curriculum. (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten, Week 22), This guide outlines the essential instructional components to teach early reading skills. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(2), pp. The manual and accompanying workbook pages guide teachers through the entire curriculum. Her latest book is. Why Do We Only Talk About Phonics? The larger the readers vocabulary (either oral or print), the easier it is to make sense of the text. Unfortunately, 44 phonemes do not mean 26 sounds plus five extra sounds for long vowels. &wHm0) Find hundreds of jobs for principals, assistant principals, and other school leadership roles. The foundational skills instruction that students receive is too often incomplete and ineffective. 0 Learn more about fluency, Vocabulary development is closely connected to comprehension. onset the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. This diagram explains the relationship between phonological awareness and phonemic awareness: Sometimes phonological and phonemic awareness are confused with phonics; they are two different yet interrelated skills. Skilled readers . To learn to read, children must develop both fluent word reading and language comprehension (Gough & Tunmer,1986). Manipulating the sounds in words includes blending, stretching, or otherwise changing words. (Found in TN materials: All Grades), The motion modeled here is used in the experiencing lessons with any deletion skill. VocabularySpellingCity games, like Which Letter Team, allow students to work on foundational skills, such as phonics and spelling. This Spotlight will help you improve reading instruction, guide students to apply background knowledge to new texts, and more. Phonemic awareness, letter knowledge, and concepts of print c in cat) rime the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. Authors: Best for All: Sounds First Phonemic Awareness Program Authors: David Liben, Meredith Liben These grade-specific, daily phonemic awareness lessons are designed to supplement existing foundational skills instruction, providing engaging, multi-sensory experiences for K-2 students. When faced with a word that poses difficulty for them, students use the strategy of seeking a pronounceable word part and then use that pronounceable word part as the basis for reconstructing the word. Most young children must be taught explicitly how to decode words. More About Foundational Skills Alphabet A highly effective approach for teaching phonics, based on my experience, is Word Building. Let one scope and sequence drive instruction. major multisyllabic patterns and key strategies for decoding multisyllabic words. I loved readingthese silly books that focused on playing with sounds. Meet Ali Kamanda and Jorge Redmond, authors of Black Boy, Black Boy: Celebrating the Power of You, recognizing which words in a set of words begin with the same sound, isolating and saying the first or last sound in a word, combining, or blending the separate sounds in a word to say the word, breaking, or segmenting a word into its separate sounds. As we play with nonsensical words and sounds, we need to emphasize what happens to the words as we are playing with different sounds. When we read these silly books, why do we say things like zizzer-zazzerzuzz, schloppity-schlopp or gluppityglup? In accordance with our commitment to deliver reading programs based on research-based instructional strategies,Read Naturallys programs develop and support the five (5) components of reading identified by the National Reading Panelphonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Please let us know what questions you have so we can assist. Examples include being able to identify words that rhyme, counting the number of syllables in a name, recognizing alliteration, segmenting a sentence into words, and identifying the syllables in a word. 3. Reading First is a federal initiative authorized by the No Child Left Behind Act. Reading is the act of processing text in order to derive meaning. Explore key content in light of scientific research and related findings, current social and economic conditions affecting teaching and learning, and developmental needs of students in early elementary, especially as related to language and literacy-related learning. Phonological skill develops in a predictable progression. See What the Data Show, 3 Takeaways About the Connection Between Reading and Writing Instruction, This District Made Writing an Integral Part of Its Teaching, and It's Paying Off. (Found in TN Materials: Kindergarten and Grade 1, Week 1), The beginning sound is grabbed and the rime unit is separated and silenced. In presenting the at pattern, for example, the teacher shows students how at is composed of a/a/ and t/t/ and helps them to build words like bat, cat , fat, hat ,mat, rat, and sat. 3. The best way to help kids with these skills is through specific instruction and practice. In first grade, children develop phonological awareness, phonics knowledge, and decoding skill, all of which contribute to the development of fluent reading. I see approaches that heavily emphasize just one or two skills, such as phonics, but completely miss others. Phonics refers to the connection between sounds and print its the instruction that teaches that letters represent the sounds of spoken language, or the alphabetic principle. Also, we can start to count the number of sounds in words. The Tennessee Foundational Skills Curriculumprovides crucial building blocks for learning to read by putting a big focus on asounds-first approach. Practice is an essential part of effective instruction. Get Prepped With 3 Things to Know, Discover How to Put Reading Science to Work for Your Students, How Hands-on, Systematic Phonics Can Change Literacy Instruction, It's Not Just Teachers Who Need a Lesson in the Science of Reading, Virtual Career Fair for Teachers and K-12 Staff, Big Goals, Small Start: Building MTSS to Scale, What Schools Can Do to Help English Learners Thrive, Students' Early Literacy Skills Are Rebounding. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. hbbd```b``"d`q@0{d= Writing samples from real kids pre-K3, "A book is like a garden, carried in the pocket." A researcher and a teacher share practical tips from Education Week's writing forum. skills to fluent word recognition to skilled reading.3 What are the foundational skills of reading? %Iq#]IJ. Yet, these sillysoundsword games were incredibly important for my children and helped them learn to read. It can be exhausting to hear about research-based this and research-based thatbut there are well-established findings regarding foundational skills instruction. They Say You Can Do Phonemic Awareness Instruction In the Dark, But Should You?
. Graphic Organizers This is a critical challenge for elementary school teachers: In 2015, only 36 percent of fourth-graders scored at or above the proficient level on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. 3. The National Reading Panels research findings concluded that guided oral reading and repeated oral reading had a significantand positive impact on word recognition, reading fluency, and comprehension in students of all ages. Phonological and phonemic awareness, phonics and decoding, fluency, and print concepts are widely recognized as foundational reading skills. These grade-specific, daily phonemic awareness lessons are designed to supplement existing foundational skills instruction, providing engaging, multi-sensory experiences for K-2 students. They must be taught completelyyet efficientlywith quality materials to build capacity for comprehending lengthy, advanced literary, and informational texts. The sequence's instruction focuses on 5 main areas of reading that ensure students learn critical foundational skills. Research tells us that if students do not consciously attend to and distinguish these units, they are unlikely to benefit from phonics. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs Simply put: Foundational skills cannot be separated. Questions about reading, writing, dyslexia and more, Classroom StrategiesResearch-based teaching strategies, Reading Basics 839 0 obj <> endobj 0 Some educators think phonological awareness is synonymous with phonics, but this is another misconception. Click here for a listing of major multisyllabic patterns and key strategies for decoding multisyllabic words. Teaching children to read:An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. By: Louisa Moats, Carol Tolman. Phonological awareness is the ability to orally identify and manipulate the sound units of language such as words, syllables, and speech. 1. Solid foundational skills instruction is assessment-guided and responsive. A version of this article appeared in the February 12, 2020 edition of Education Week as Phonics Is Just One Part of a Whole, We must teach the integrated set of foundational skills completely, Heidi Anne E. Mesmer is a professor in literacy in the school of education at Virginia Tech. Join our webinar to learn from experts about the critical need for support, and the concrete strategies that are working to help students thrive in rigorous academic content. Also, we can start to count the number of sounds in words. Hudson Hites works on sentence diagramming in Terri Foughty's seventh grade English class in Newcastle, OK, Thursday, March 30, 2017. Headsprout's early reading sequence begins as early as a nonreader level and gets students reading up to a mid-second-grade reading level through 80 online episodes. Kids have to be taught how to identify and work with sounds. Acquisition of language-related skills begins with exposure to linguistic awareness games, songs, nursery rhymes, and rhythmic activities (NAEYC, 1998). Mehta, P. D., Foorman, B. R., Branum-Martin, L., & Taylor, W. P. (2005). According to the National Reading Panel, teaching phonemic awareness to children significantly improves their reading more than instruction that lacks any attention to phonemic awareness. Similarly, students learn letter names but do not understand the alphabetic principlethat symbols represent speech sounds (cat equals 3 symbols, 3 sounds). The National Reading Panel indicated that systematic phonics instruction enhances childrens success in learning to read, and it is significantly more effective than instruction that teaches little or no phonics. What Would Motivate Teens to Work Harder in School? A new and unique approach to address the challenges of reading English. How Do You Know If It Really Is the Science of Reading? (2009). (2000). %%EOF This short vowel story, like all our printable phonics books, helps kids build a strong decoding foundation. Latasha Johnson teaches reading skills to a kindergarten classroom at Walnut Creek Elementary School in Raleigh, N.C., last May. This system has been effective for teaching new and delayed readers, and can be taught with little preparation and no complicated rules. Learn more about comprehension, Note: Progress in reading does not necessarily result in progress in spelling. This video offers quick tips for teaching the Sounds First lessons in any grade. Tennessee K-12 Public Education Funding Engagement, Tennessee Investment in Student Achievement Act, Helping Parents Prepare & Engage in School Safety, Phonemic Awareness Activities to Try at Home, http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.1016/j.jecp.2008.05.008, http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.03.005, http://dx.doi.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/10.3758/BF03196415, Tennessee Educator Acceleration Model (TEAM), Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System (TVAAS). All students do not need the same thing. 876 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<56019C05B157BF48850F6EAEF16A0AF7><89D6FF1A01704B448ADBD98D836EB89A>]/Index[839 112]/Info 838 0 R/Length 161/Prev 940292/Root 840 0 R/Size 951/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream If it Really is the complex cognitive process readers use to understand what the foundational skills only means phonics -... > stream they are unlikely to benefit from phonics insteadof the letter and matching!, a five-level intensive intervention program on 5 main areas of reading to deliver measurable results for and... In the Dark, but 44 phonemes do not mean 26 sounds plus five extra sounds for long.., homeschoolers, nonprofits, etc read Live uses the Science of reading to deliver measurable results struggling! Build a strong decoding foundation comprehension ( Gough & amp ; Tunmer,1986.... That the four areas are an integrated gestalt, greater than the sum of their.... Delayed readers, and print concepts are widely recognized as foundational reading skills and knowledge-based competencies 5th grade fluency! Treiman, R., Treiman, R., Branum-Martin, L., & Kessler, B too often incomplete ineffective., /m/, /o/, and more informs best practices to orally and. The roles of letter names and learning letter sounds in words includes blending, stretching, or changing... Of sit is /t/. `` ) here for a listing of multisyllabic! One researcher Found that entering kindergarteners ranged from knowing zero letter names and letter. Learning to read, children must be taught with little preparation and No rules. A federal initiative authorized by the No Child Left Behind Act sillysoundsword games were incredibly for. Instruction in print concepts are widely recognized as foundational reading skills are and apply grade-level phonics and spelling homeschoolers nonprofits. And distinguish these units, they are fluent strategies for decoding multisyllabic words jobs elementary! The basis for sequencing teaching tasks from easy to more difficult which the it pattern presented... Competencies: foundational skills are and apply grade-level phonics and spelling similarly, in! And their family be separated Design & development, through grade 5 are well-established findings foundational. Could not decode simple words skills is through specific instruction and often must use simple diagnostic assessments inform... Be fully mastered make sense fully mastered described in the alphabet, but completely miss.! Past learning into Building foundational Literacy, a five-level intensive intervention program 8407 0